Osprey’s informative book of “The Chieftain Main Battle Tank 1965 – 2003” (Osprey New Vanguard) helped me recall many of the details I had forgotten since working on them.

I worked on this 54 tonne monster for most of my time in the regular army. I was on the second training course they had developed when I converted from “B” vehicles (Landrovers and lorries) to “A” vehicles (tanks, scout cars and personnel carriers) and I managed to learn a lot more by gaining experience with time.

I worked in 4 Armoured Workshops repairing the power packs, then moved on to the Forward Repair Group (FRG) going out and fitting the new power packs into the tanks when they broke down on exercises. I was then posted to the 5th Inniskilling Dragoon Guards as a corporal in “B” Squadron Light Aid Detachment (LAD) where I repaired them on a daily basis. Every squadron had a LAD of REME personnel that fixed the vehicles.

The Power Pack

The L60 power pack was designed by Rolls Royce and built under licence by British Leyland. The first engines were grossly under-powered, only at 450bhp, and whilst I was in the army were upgraded several times, eventually to 650bhp. They were also designed to run on any fuel after adjustments had been made but we never attempted this during my time. 

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Above can be seen a power pack out of the tank with its radiators up. When you had changed all the attachments, i.e. radiators, fans and all the pipes from a broken down pack onto a new engine, it was possible to run the power pack outside the tank as oil and water were self-contained within the power pack and only fuel had to be connected. The power pack was sitting in a specially made frame in the workshop. The engine was deafening if you ran it up without the exhausts fitted but you could walk round it checking all parts before sending it out completed. Out on exercise all that had to be done was to take out the broken-down pack and replace it with a repaired one from the workshop.

There was also a 3 cylinder Coventry Climax auxiliary engine fitted on the left wall of the engine compartment to provide power for the turret equipment and to help start up the main engine.

The Main Gun

The main armament was a 120 mm gun, with a rifled barrel which was extremely accurate and could fire whilst on the move as well as when static. In the early days it had a half inch ranging machine gun alongside the barrel which was later scrapped when optical computerised ranging was introduced. REME fitters did help the crews to “bomb up” when we were on the firing ranges and the tank held at least 60 shells and bag charges for the main gun.

There was a crew of four, a commander in the top turret, a gunner who sat below the commander to the right of the main gun and a loader/radio operator who was to the left of the main gun. The driver who was in the front beneath the barrel drove the tank in a reclined position when hatches were closed. REME used to drive the tanks when they were short of crew on the firing ranges.

Driving the Tank

When the call went out for “Bluebell drivers” (REME personnel) wanted on night gunnery exercises, we reported to our troop Sergeant and were allocated a vehicle to drive. When the barrel is facing forward, the driver’s seat is reasonably easy to get in. If the barrel is locked to the rear, you had to contort yourself to get in.

You lowered yourself onto the seat, operated the orange seat lowering levers either side and your seat dropped and the back rest went back and a head rest came up. You closed the hatch and locked it down and when you lowered your head onto the head rest you could tell this was how the tank should be driven. All the instruments were in front of you, gear indicator gauge, rpm indicator, speedometer and oil gauge. The feet supports were at the right angle for your heels to fit comfortably in and you could see through the periscope for driving forward. The gear change box was a small round box on the left side with a motorcycle type pedal which was flicked up to change up through the gears and pressed down to go back down through the gears. There were 6 forward gears and six reverse gears. The top speed of the tank was approximately 35 mph, forward or backwards, steering with left and right levers instead of a steering wheel.

When you drove the tank looking through the hatch you had better visibility but could not see any of your gauges and the foot controls felt all wrong. You also had to be very careful you did not bounce your face off the hatch rim if you missed a gear change.

The tracks were made up with 96 links on each side with rubber pads bolted into each link. This was to reduce the damage to main roads and did help maintain traction on icy surfaces. Track bashing was the crew’s job, to either adjust the tension of the tracks or even change tracks that had stretched past their usefulness. This task was labour intensive and not looked forward to.

Having read the Osprey book I now appreciate the problems we faced trying to keep these tanks on the road. They mentioned a major failure of the tank during its early days and I was working on them when this occurred. One of the regiments we supported lost 40 of its 45 tanks whilst on exercise and we had scientists over from England investigating the breakdowns. It also meant us working 12 hour shifts to rebuild the power packs and when I transferred to the FRG I had to go out and fit the power packs into the tanks.

My time with the Irish regiment 5th Inniskillings is fondly remembered spending much of my 2 years on exercises with my squadron. When we were radioed by a tank requesting assistance you always arrived at their location and found the engine covers up and cans of beer in a hole in the ground ready for consumption. Pouring water on the mud covering the cans kept the beer cold due to evaporation. These beers were shared with us and much appreciated when the job was finished.  

Barry

How good were the good old days?

In popular culture this refers to a bygone era that (in this writer’s opinion) was preferable to that in which they now live. Twenty years or so after the war had finished, to many of the adults in the area of London where I lived, this would become a mantra.

As a child of course I believed we lived in a playground paradise. We could play for days making camps in any of the hundreds of bombed buildings. Our parents knew little of the things we would get up to, and in retrospect this was probably just as well.

In truth we lived in sub-standard houses, with leaking roofs, sparse furnishings, often plagued by bed bugs, no hot running water, no baths, and a diet restricted by rationing.

Devastation remaining in the City, 1955: northward on Basinghall Street behind the Guildhall.

In comparison, many Victorian Londoners would have lived in comparative luxury. Professional people or respectable trades persons could live comfortable lives, but the further east you move along the shores of the working river, or over the bridge to Southwark, the harder life would have become.

This is where the poorer people would have struggled to exist from one day to the next. Most would have been without even a basic education and made a shilling or two by whatever means (legal or not, more often not!) Even in the lowest strata of humanity there is always an hierarchy: the people who through mostly dubious means rise like scum to the top of the soup; the villains who turn their hand to anything to make a shilling; the bully boys who put their women to work in the alleyways in search of a punter looking for cheap sex.

Alas, children were just as likely to be traded, and men like "Fagin the fence" who, knowing a little about the value of various items, would sell loot brought to him by pickpockets, muggers, thieves of all kinds, and make a nice little profit for himself. The children were well aware that punishment for stealing was more often than not the hangman’s noose. In the novel Oliver Twist Charles Dickens has the young Oliver fall into the hands of "Fagin the Jew" who was running a gang of street kids he had taught to "pickpocket" or "purse snip" anything they could get their hands on to exchange for a place to sleep, a little food, and most importantly company and safety in numbers.

Detail of an original George Cruikshank engraving showing the Artful Dodger introducing Oliver to Fagin.

Many would make a living as best they could, within the law or at the very least just outside. Ginger ale was a fairly easy drink to make, and in the summer easy enough to sell, as well as toffee apples, crystal sugar strings, tapers for the fire, paper flowers, any item that could be sold. If a person had a gift of any kind, singing, dancing, or could do a trick, this too would be employed on the streets to entertain passers-by in hope of a copper or two.

But, as is the way in many very poor areas, drinking was often a great part of life. Drinking and gambling was endemic amongst the poorer classes, and gin (mother’s ruin) was one of the preferred tipples of the times. Perhaps in an attempt to dumb the senses, people could be seen staggering through the dim-lit alleyways the worst for drink, easy prey for the "cosh boys" or pickpockets.

One can only imagine the smell of such places. Sewerage was basic, and most of London’s needs came upriver to the wharfs, so the smell of fish, veg, and spices would have mingled with the unmistakable smell of leather hides and fur pelts.

Together with the powerful aroma of poverty, the great fire of 1666 had raged through this area, and almost 200 years later many remains of the old backwater buildings would still have housed many families. Charles Dickens himself lived in relative squalor. His Father John Dickens was locked up in the Marshalsea Prison for debt and Charles moved into Lant Street quite close by.

Charles Dickens

The effect on the young Charles must have been profound. It is believed the character Mr Micawber in David Copperfield was based on his father, and even the Good Mr Pickwick falls foul of the law and is committed to prison.

Victorian society in The Pickwick Papers was overtly moral and at times pious. In its attitude to the amoral poorer classes, the legal system handed out severe punishment to offenders. Execution was the accepted punishment for many crimes that would be considered petty today, and hanging was a public spectacle, some attracting as many as 40-50,000 people. Many of the wealthy spectators would pay large sums to rent a room with a view of the gallows, including Charles Dickens, who remarked how pleased he was at the most reasonable price he and some friends had managed to acquire a room with a view of the hangman’s noose.

Following the 1868 Capital Punishment Amendment Act, all executions took place within prison walls, bringing an end to the public spectacle. The most trivial crimes could incur a prison sentence, all of which involved hard labour. Even a reasonably short term was likely to bring about the death of the inmate. If however the accused was given a long-term incarceration, ironically he had a better chance of survival (longer terms were seldom with hard labour, the courts preferring to see a long-term prisoner live to serve out his sentence so justice was seen to be done!)

Newgate Prison exercise yard

For many of those convicted, being wealthy was a distinct advantage as it was quite acceptable for a person to pay someone else to serve his time for him. The "turnkey" (or guard) was an unpaid position but they would get a percentage of the money paid by the better off prisoners. But this was to end by 1800 when payment for a better cell was abolished, however you could still pay for food to be sent into the prison (food and the wellbeing of inmates was not a priority). Conditions were appalling and Newgate Prison was referred to as "The hell above ground".

When it is remembered that incarceration was reserved for only the most petty crimes, stealing a rabbit from a warren on someone else's ground, or cutting wood from their tree could carry a sentenced of death by hanging. Between 1800 and 1827, 2,338 persons met their death at the hangman’s noose. It was a common belief that crime was a physical condition of the poorer class, (the “Criminal Class”) and up until 1843 the condemned prisoners’ bodies would be dissected in an effort to identify the cause of such behaviour.

This was the time of the Industrial Revolution in England, and the fuel that fed this explosion of wealth was coal and child labour (cheap and plentiful at the time). Many children whose only crime was their poverty were worked to death in the expanding industries throughout Victorian England and its Empire.

Each year, especially at Christmas time, I like so many have read and reread Charles Dickens' wonderful books, imagining the perfect seasonal celebrations of "The Pickwick Papers" and "A Christmas Carol", and relished the obligatory showing of musical adaptations of "Oliver". Many of the achievements during this period are to be admired, but were these really "the good old days"?

In the words of the Newley/Bricusse song, “People will say when they look back on to-day/They were the "Good old-Bad old days."

John